Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.

Family: Brassicaceae
Flowering Time: Oct-May.

General Appearance

Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss., it is a perennial herb, often whitish hispid and somewhat woody at base, up to 1 m tall, erect, branched. Lower leaves shortly petioled, obovate, oblong-obovate, variable, mostly obtuse pinnately lobed to irregularly broadly dentate. Upper leaves oblong-linear, entire or sparsely dentate, sub sessile or sessile, cuneate below. Racemes many flowered. much elongating in fruit. Flowers 10-15 mm across, yellow. Pedicels 5-12 mm long, increasing to c. 20 mm in fruit, usually deflexed, filiform. Sepals c. 5 mm long. Petals (6-) 8-12 x 5(-7) mm, hardly clawed. Stamens 4-6-5.5-8 mm long; anthers 2-2.5 mm long. Siliquae (1.5-) 20-50 x 2-3 mm, usually pendulous, glabrous; gynophore 2-5 (-7) mm long; beak inconspicuous, less than 1 mm, and broad without any seed; valves almost membranous. Seeds 2-seriate, many, less than 1 mm long; oblong-ellipsoid, yellowish or brownish.

Life Form

H

Phytochoria

MED+SA+IT. The native range of this species is N. Africa to N. Somalia and SW. Pakistan.

Distribution in Libya

Al-Jafarah Plain:  Jafara Plain (Wadi Ghado) 2015   Sabratha region 2020

Zliten-Misurata Plain:  Kaam area 2005

Sirte Plains:  Sirte 2015, 2016

Jabal Nafusa:  Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008  Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013  Wadi Kaam 2017   Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020  Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020   Wadi Kaam (Dam & lake) 2022

Al-Jabal Al-Akhder:  Wadi Zaza 2003  Wadi El-Kouf 2014  Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj 2020   Ain Mara 2020

Marmarica Plateau:  Marmarica (north-eastern part of Libya) 2002  Dafna region (Tobruk to Msaid) 2008

Al-Qibla area:  Wadi Nesma region 2009  Wadis South of Mizda 2013

Al-Jufra area:  Gebel Soda 1972  Weshka 1973  (27,43 km) from Weshka, Wadi Zagar 1975  Wadi Weshka 1976  Hun 2008

Bibliographic References

First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:

Ali, S.I. & Jafri, S.M.H. (1977) Flora of Libya, Brassicaceae Vol. (23) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. Page. 32.

Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:

Almushghub, F., Ahmed, D., Sharaf El-Din, A., Shaltout, k. (2022) Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences, 9 (2022) 20-37. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357516127_Vegetation_analysis_of_Wadi_Kaam_at_northwest_Libya, https://jbes.journals.ekb.eg/article_372060_558ee8095e2cf97881a8a3cc705aa126.pdf

Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya.2022

Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1

An-updated-checklist-and-quantitative-analysis-of-the-Marmarica-Plateau-flora-مضغوط

Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2s5EMysAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. 2020.

Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farag-Elmokasabi-2

الغطاء النباتي في منطقة عين مارة بمنطقة الجبل الاخضر2020

El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sh-Hoob-El-Ahmir, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District – Libya. 2020

Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341306643_Floristic_Study_and_Species_Diverisy_of_Msallata-Garaboulli_Province_in_Libya

Floristic Study and Species Diverisy of Msallata-Garaboulli Province. 2020

Saleh, M. M., & Lachhab, S. R. (2020) Plant diversity in Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj city-Libya. Aref Journal for Human Studies- Issue (5) 2020, Pp. (3-65) Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic).  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346554140_bhth_altnw_alnbaty_fy_mntqt_altnyn_shmal_ghrb_mdynt_almrj_lybya

التنوع النباتي في منطقة التنين شمال غرب مدينة المرج- ليبيا. 2020

Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371282756_altrf_ly_alanwa_alnbatyt_lmnatq_wady_kam_whsrha_wthdyd_ashkal_nmwha

التعرف على الانواع النباتية لمناطق وادي كعام وحصرها وتحديد أشكال نموها. 2017 .

Elsayed, N. (2016) Relationship between Vegetation and Soil Seed Bank at Protected Versus Unprotected Sites at Coastal Habitats in Libya.CATRINA (2016), 15 (1): 59-68. https://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=mSAskW0AAAAJ&hl=en , https://cat.journals.ekb.eg/article_18337_76652686b5c99f5fd479aebab87fbcb4.pdf

Vegetation and Soil Seed Bank at Protected Versus Unprotected Sites at Coastal Habitats in Libya. 2016

Elsayed M. A. N. (2015) Floristic Composition of the Plant Cover at Surt Region in Libya. Catrina (2015), 12 (1): 63-71-2010 By the Egyptian society for environmental SCIENCES. https://cat.journals.ekb.eg/article_18403_37c687e375b9144800a15704e68ebad7.pdf

Floristic Composition of the Plant Cover at Surt Region in Libya. 2015

Abu Hadra, M. N. & Harkat, Z. M. (2015) A taxonomic study of the components of vegetation cover and notes on the environmental impact of Wadi Ghado in the Jafara Plain region in Libya. Professor magazine-Issue 8-University of Tripoli.(In Arabic) https://uotpa.org.ly/alostath/index.php/alostath/issue/view/8

حصرالغطاء النباتى المحيط بجامعة الزاوية. 2015

El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSIPublications,2014DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.08.12375. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf

Plant Species at Wadi Alkuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya 2014

Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).

Mohamed, F.J. (2013) A Taxonomic Study of Wadis Flora South of Mizda at the intersections with Mizda-Sebha Highway. Master Thesis. Department of Botany-Faculty of Science-Sebha University. Libya. (In Arabic).

Bahri, N.M. (2009) Study of the vegetation covers of Wadi Nesma region, northwest of Libya. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, College of Science, Sebha University, Libya. (In Arabic).

Baayo, Kh. A. (2008) Floristic composition of Sahara Area in Libya. Catrina (2008), 3(3):37-53. https://www.academia.edu/105539352/Floristic_composition_of_Sahara_Area_in_Libya

Barrani, M. W. (2008) A study of environmental degradation factors in the semi-desert Dafna Region-Libya. Master Thesis-Department of Science and environmental Engineering-Postgraduate Academy Benghazi branch. (In Arabic).

Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Shif, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic).

El-Barasi, Y. M., EI-Sherif, l. M. & Gawhari, A. M. H. (2003) Checklist and analysis of the flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at AI-Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). Bocconea 16 (2): 1091-1105. 2003. – ISSN 1120-4060. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed-Gawhari,  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281559070_Checklist_and_analysis_of_the_flora_and_vegetation_of_Wadi_Zaza_at_AI-Jabal_AI_Akhdar_Cyrenaica_Libya

Flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at Al-Jabal AI Akhdar 2003-مضغوط

El-Shaary M.S. (2002). The Natural Vegetation in Marmarica plateau (North-eastern Libya). First ed. Tobruk (Libya): Published by the local Authority. (In Arabic).

PAMPANINI, R. (1931). Prodromo della Flora Cirenaica. -: 222 – under: Diplotaxis harra var. subglabra (DC.) O.E.Schulz   https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/records/item/14218-prodromo-della-flora-cirenaica

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