Flora

Enarthrocarpus clavatus Delile ex Godr.

Common Name: Shultam.

Family: Brassicaceae

Flowering Time: Feb-Apr.

General Appearance

Enarthrocarpus clavatus Delile ex Godr., it is an annual herb, ± hispid, often much branched from the base, spreading to ascending, up to 10-50 (-70) cm long. Basal leaves densely rosulate, lyrate with 3-9 pairs of lateral segments, petiolate; terminal segment suborbicular, ± 3-lobulate, obtuse, slightly longer than the ovate-oblong, irregularly denticulate lateral segments. Cauline leaves smaller, cuneate below, sub sessile, pinnatilobed to almost simple, upper ones forming bracts. Racemes corymbose above, bracteate, elongating much in fruit. Flowers 1 cm across, yellowish with violaceous throat, and dark-veined. Pedicels up to 1 cm long in fruit, often recurved, slightly thickened in fruit. Sepals 3-5 mm long, hispid, often violaceous. Petals 7-10 mm long. Stamens 4.5-5.5-5-6 mm long; anthers 1-1.5 mm long. Siliquae 10-20 x (2.5-) 3-5 mm, cylindrical, sometimes almost orbicular (due to abortion), hispid to almost glabrous, up to 8 longitudinal ridges, sub torulose; lower segment persistent, stalk-like to ± obconical, 1-4 x 1-2.5 mm, o-1-seeded; upper segment caducous, with (1-) 2-5, one seeded compartments; style filiform, 1.5-2 mm long, glabrous. Seeds ovoid to sub globose, brownish, 1.5-1.8 mm long.

Life Form

Phytochoria

The native range of this species is N. Africa.

Distribution in Libya

Al-Jafarah Plain: Sabratha 1966 (12 km) W.of Tripoli 1967 Wadi El-Maiet 1974 Sabrata 2008 El-Zawia 2015 Al-Hdaba Treatment Plant Tripoli 2016 Sabratha region 2020

Zliten-Misurata Plain: Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006

Sirte Plains: (7 Km) SE of Sitre City 2008 Wadi Soofejeen 2017 Wadi Al-Hamar Region 2020

Benghazi Plain: Ajdabia (Al-Bedan) 2016 Jardina-Soloq Region 2020 Wadi El-Enaghar 2021 Soloq (Beir Bullerjam) 2022

Jabal Nafusa: Khoms, Kusbat 1967 Yefren-Jado 1970 Gebel Nafousa 1971 Kabau, (6 km) from Tarhuna 1972 Gharian-Rayena, Saffet, Al-Asaba, Al-Awwina, Kaleba, Zentan, Wadi Borghwa, Sharshara 1974 (36 km) N. of Nalut 1975, Wadi Al Aital, near Nalut 1976 Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Tarhuna (Msaaed, Zurgan) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020

Al-Jabal Al-Akhder: Sidi Abu-Ras 2017

Al-Qibla area: Wadis South of Mizda 2013

Notes

Wild in Libya.

This species is accepted: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:283235-1

Link of images: https://www.tela-botanica.org/isfan-nn-141363-illustrations, https://www.gbif.org/species/3053961

For more information

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:283235-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/283235-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000667312, https://www.gbif.org/species/3053961, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/141362/enarthrocarpus-clavatus-delile-ex-godr, https://www.tela-botanica.org/isfan-nn-141363-illustrations, https://atlas-sahara.org/Brassicaceae/Enarthrocarpus%20clavatus/Enarthrocarpus%20clavatus.html

Bibliographic References

First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:

Ali, S.I. & Jafri, S.M.H. (1977) Flora of Libya, Brassicaceae Vol. (23) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. Page. 48.

Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:

Omar, N., Adrees, A., Alhursh, A., Shuayb, M., Alajeeli, O., Alzerbi, A.K. (2022) Identification of the Most Important Weed Species in A Barley Crops in Beir Bullerjam Region-Soloq, Libya. Scientific Journal for the Faculty of Science-Sirte University Vol. 2, No. 1 April (2022) 15-22. https://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/jsfsu/issue/view/5, https://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/jsfsu/article/view/51/45

Weed Species in A Barley Crops in Beir Bullerjam Region – Soloq, Libya. 2022_compressed

Omar, N., El-Mghrbi, N.G., Rahil, R.O., Alaib, M.A., Alzerbi, A.K. (2021) Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. Species-22(70), 2021. pp. (204-217). http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/index.htm, http://www.discoveryjournals.org/Species/current_issue/2021/v22/n70/A4.pdf

Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. 2021.-مضغوط

Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2s5EMysAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. 2020.

El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sh-Hoob-El-Ahmir, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District – Libya. 2020

Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341306643_Floristic_Study_and_Species_Diverisy_of_Msallata-Garaboulli_Province_in_Libya

Floristic Study and Species Diverisy of Msallata-Garaboulli Province. 2020

Omar, N.O.I., Alaib, M.A., El-Mghrbi, N.G., Alzerbi, A.K. (2020) Checklist of Flora and Floristic Study of Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naser-Omar

Checklist of Flora and Floristic Study of Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya. 2020

Omar, N., Alai, M.A. & Al-Zerbi, A.K. (2020) A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Farms of GMR Agricultural Project in Jardina-Soloq Region, Libya. Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 1, P: 29-38, August. 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naser-Omar, https://repository.uob.edu.ly/handle/123456789/1535

A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Jardina-Soloq Region, Libya.2020

Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html

Floristic Study for Tarhuna–Libya. 2018

Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371282756_altrf_ly_alanwa_alnbatyt_lmnatq_wady_kam_whsrha_wthdyd_ashkal_nmwha

التعرف على الانواع النباتية لمناطق وادي كعام وحصرها وتحديد أشكال نموها. 2017 .

El-Zerbi, A. K. & Al-Aib, M.A. (2017) Study of vegetation cover in Sidi Bouras region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering JESE, VOL. 1, No. 1, January 2017. (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdulhamid-Alzerbi, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326461390_aalkhdr_baljbl_bwras_sydy_bmntqt_alnbaty_alghta_drast-lybya

دراسة الغطاء النباتي بمنطقة سيدي بوراس –الجبل الاخضر 2017

El-Zerbi, A. K., Al-Borki, A. S., Al-Aib, M.A. (2016) Study of vegetation in Protected Al-Bedan southeast of Ajdabiya, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-No. (2) Volume (2) December 2016. ISSN: 2413-5267(In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdulhamid-Alzerbi, https://journals.asmarya.edu.ly/jmset/index.php/JMSET/article/view/103, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371283472_drast_alghta_alnbaty_bmhmyt_albydan_jnwb_shrq_ajdabya_lybya

دراسة الغطاء النباتي بمحمية البيضان جنوب شرق اجدابيا- ليبيا. 2016

Mahklouf, M. H. &Al Sghair, F. G. (2016) Biodiversity and Floristic Study of Al-Hdaba Treatment Plant Tripoli-Libya. American Journal of Life Science Researches, Original Article, pag. (101-103) Jul 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, DOI: 10.21859/ajlsr-040307. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fathi-Al-Sghair

Biodiversity and Floristic Study of Al-Hdaba Treatment Plant Tripoli–Libya. 2016

Al-Fiqi, Abd al-Salam M., Abul-Qasim, R. (2015) Inventory of the vegetation cover surrounding Al-Zawiya University. The Libyan Journal of Science Volume 18, 2014/2015 .(In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/issue/view/24

حصرالغطاء النباتى المحيط بجامعة الزاوية. 2015

Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).

Mohamed, F.J. (2013) A Taxonomic Study of Wadis Flora South of Mizda at the intersections with Mizda-Sebha Highway. Master Thesis. Department of Botany-Faculty of Science-Sebha University. Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Aib, M. A. and El-Shakhy, N. O. (2008) Weed flora of great man made river agriculture project (sirte). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, Vol.102, Issue 3: 241-25. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Alaib, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343655187_Weed_Flora_of_Great_Man-Made_River_Agriculture_Project_Sirte

El-Yafour, L. A. (2008) Taxonomic study of the vegetation properties of Sabratha city Master Thesis. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Al-Zawiya University, Libya. (In Arabic).

Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Shif, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic).