General Appearance
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt. / Homotypic Synonyms: Psoralea bituminosa L., it is a perennial plant from 50 cm to 1 meter, herbaceous, pubescent-glandular, erect, with a strong smell of bitumen, leaves trifoliate, with elliptical or lanceolate leaflets, entire, punctate-glandular, stipules free, linear acuminate. Bluish flowers, 10-15 in sub globose heads, involucral, tight, on axillary peduncles 2-4 times longer than the leaf. Calyx hairy, bell-shaped, with 5 unequal, lanceolate-linear teeth, equal to the tube, oblong standard, extending beyond the wings and obtuse hull, diadelphous stamens, stigma at the head. Pods included, oval-compressed, with an ensiform beak twice as long as it is, not stipitate, hairy, and indehiscent, with a single seed.
Flowering in: Mar-Jun.
Life Form
Phytochoria
Distribution in Libya
Zliten-Misurata Plain: Leptis Magna 1968,1978 Leptus Megna 2004 Zliten (Wadi EL-Zekr) 2022
Benghazi Plain: Wadi El-Ghattara 2010
Jabal Nafusa:
Gebel Nafousa 1970 Wadi Malah, (10 km) from Nalut 1972 Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Tarhuna (Meghawsha) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020
Al-Jabal Al-Akhder: Messa, (5 km) from Baida 1972 Shahat, Ras El-Hilal 1978 Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi Zaza 2003 Wadi (Valley) Stowah region 2007 Al-Mansora 2013 Wadi El-Kouf 2014 Wadi Derna 2017 Ain Mara 2020
Marmarica Plateau: Marmarica (north-eastern part of Libya) 2002
Jabal Al-Uwinat: Jabal Al-Uweinat region 2008
Notes
Wild in Libya.
This species is accepted: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:908440-1
Link of images: https://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2398, https://www.ksanature.com/plants/bituminaria_bituminosa/, https://www.preservons-la-nature.fr/flore/taxon/1799.html, https://www.florealpes.com/fiche_bituminariabitumi.php
For more information
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:908440-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/908440-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000212280, https://www.gbif.org/species/2952882, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/69918/bituminaria-bituminosa-l-c-h-stirt, https://www.ksanature.com/plants/bituminaria_bituminosa/, https://maltawildplants.com/FABC/Bituminaria_bituminosa_detailed.php, https://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2398, https://www.preservons-la-nature.fr/flore/taxon/1799.html, https://flora.org.il/en/plants/BITBIT/, https://www.florealpes.com/fiche_bituminariabitumi.php, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminaria_bituminosa
First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:
Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1980) Flora of Libya, Fabaceae Vol. (86) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. Page. 39-under Psoralea bituminosa L.
Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:
El-Karnawdy, F.O.M. & Swaisy, A.S.M. (2022) Current status of floristic structure in Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten City, Libya. Middle East International Conference on Contemporary Scientific Studies-VII-Beirut Arab University, Lebanon-March 3-4, 2022. https://www.middleeastconference.org/conference-books
Current status of floristic structure in Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten City, Libya. 2022
Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1
An-updated-checklist-and-quantitative-analysis-of-the-Marmarica-Plateau-flora-مضغوط
Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farag-Elmokasabi-2
الغطاء النباتي في منطقة عين مارة بمنطقة الجبل الاخضر2020
El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sh-Hoob-El-Ahmir, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf
Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District – Libya. 2020
Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341306643_Floristic_Study_and_Species_Diverisy_of_Msallata-Garaboulli_Province_in_Libya
Floristic Study and Species Diverisy of Msallata-Garaboulli Province. 2020
Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html
Floristic Study for Tarhuna–Libya. 2018
Ab-Aziza, F.B., El–Barasi, Y.M. and Rahil, R.O. (2017) Flora, Vegetation and Human Activities of Wadi Derna-El-Jabal. Research article I Botany l Version 1. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fatma-Abuaziza, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebeh-Rahil
Flora, Vegetation and Human Activities of Wadi Derna. 2017
El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSI Publications,2014DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.08.12375. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf
Plant Species at Wadi Alkuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya 2014
Abusaief, H. M. A. and Dakhil, A. H. (2013) The floristic composition of Rocky habitat of Al Mansora in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar- Libya. New York Science Journal 2013; 6(5). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Huda-Abusaief
Foristic composition of Rocky habitat of Al Mansora in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar 2013
Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Rabiai, G.T., Al tira, F.M., Lamlom, S.H. (2010) Preliminary Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. Garyounis University Press Journal of Science and Its Applications Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 39-47, December 2010. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wz8jpkIAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ALTsoucAAAAJ&hl=en, https://journals.uob.edu.ly/index.php/sjuob/issue/view/71
Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. 2010
Alzwai, A.M.H. (2008) A study of the vegetation covers of the Jabal Al-Uweinat region in Libya. Master Thesis – Botany Department – College of Science – Garyounis University – Libya. (In Arabic).
Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).
Nawras, A. M. B. (2007) A study of the vegetation cover in the Wadi (Valley) Stowah region. Master Thesis. Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University-Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Komati, A. F. (2004) Medicinal plants in the Shapiat of Marqab, their distribution, classification and importance. Master Thesis. Biology Department- Faculty of Science-Al-Marqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Barasi, Y. M., EI-Sherif, l. M. & Gawhari, A. M. H. (2003) Checklist and analysis of the flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at AI-Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). Bocconea 16 (2): 1091-1105. 2003. – ISSN 1120-4060. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed-Gawhari, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281559070_Checklist_and_analysis_of_the_flora_and_vegetation_of_Wadi_Zaza_at_AI-Jabal_AI_Akhdar_Cyrenaica_Libya
Flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at Al-Jabal AI Akhdar 2003-مضغوط
El-Shaary M.S. (2002). The Natural Vegetation in Marmarica plateau (North-eastern Libya). First ed. Tobruk (Libya): Published by the local Authority. (In Arabic).
Al-Hamadi R.I. (1999) Floristic and ecological study of Wadi Al-Agar, Master Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic).
















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