General Appearance
Heliotropium europaeum L., it is an annual, up to 40 cm tall, usually densely branched at the base, clothed with erect, patent or appressed hairs. Leaves 10-55 (-65) x 7-20 (-30) mm, ovate-elliptic, somewhat cuneate-rounded at base. petiole 10-30 mm long, green above, somewhat canncscent below, with appressed hairs borne on tubercles. Cymes scorpoid, 1-4 at the end of branches, up to 100 mm long. Flowers (white, white with yellow throat), sessile and scentless. Sepals 2-3 (-3.5) x 1 mm, linear to linear oblong or narrowly triangular downy to villous, up to 4 mm long and spreading in fruit. Corolla tube 2-3 (-4) mm long, hairy outside, lobes of the limb 1 mm long, ovate, obtuse with almost entire margin. Anthers 0.7-1 mm long, stigma linear subulate. Nutlets glabrous or pubescent, usually rugose, ovoid, c. 2 mm long.
Life Form
Phytochoria
Distribution in Libya
Al-Jafarah Plain: Tripoli 1968 Tajura 1978 Sabratha region 2020 Coastal of Tripoli 2020
Zliten-Misurata Plain: Leptus Megna 2004 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006 Sassu Valley 2016 Zliten (Wadi EL-Zekr) 2022 Zliten coast 2022
Benghazi Plain:
Dariana, (1̸2 km) from sea, sand. 1972 Wadi El Ghattara 2010
Jabal Nafusa: Wadi Carrine, Kabau 1974 (35 km) after Al-Hbaiella to Shakshuk 1976 Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Tarhuna (Msabha) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020
Al-Jabal Al-Akhder: Susa, sandy ground with small stones 1972 Shahat, near the museum on rocks 1975 Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi Zaza 2003 Al-Oylia region 2017
Marmarica Plateau: Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930
Al-Qibla area: Wadi Nesma region 2009
Notes
Wild in Libya.
Link of images: https://www.maltawildplants.com/BORG/Heliotropium_europaeum.php, https://www.teline.fr/en/photos/boraginaceae/heliotropium-europaeum
For more information
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:116833-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/116833-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000718566, https://www.gbif.org/species/2925767, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/77241/heliotropium-europaeum-l https://flora.org.il/en/plants/heleur/, https://www.maltawildplants.com/BORG/Heliotropium_europaeum.php, https://www.teline.fr/en/photos/boraginaceae/heliotropium-europaeum, https://www.cretanflora.com/heliotropium_europaeum.html
First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:
Jafri, S. M. H. & El-Gadi, A. (1979) Flora of Libya, Boraginaceae Vol. (68) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. Page. 64.
Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:
El-Karnawdy, F.O.M. & Swaisy, A.S.M. (2022) Current status of floristic structure in Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten City, Libya. Middle East International Conference on Contemporary Scientific Studies-VII-Beirut Arab University, Lebanon-March 3-4, 2022. https://www.middleeastconference.org/conference-books
Current status of floristic structure in Wadi EL-Zekr, Zliten City, Libya. 2022
El-karnawdy, F.O.M., Abogmiza, A.F.M., Alsouyid, H.M.M., Ajaj. K.A.K. (2022) Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast, Libya. 5th International African conference on current studies. February 2-5, 2022 Cairo, Egypt.
Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast. 2022
Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1
An-updated-checklist-and-quantitative-analysis-of-the-Marmarica-Plateau-flora-مضغوط
Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2s5EMysAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf
Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. 2020.
El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sh-Hoob-El-Ahmir, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf
Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District – Libya. 2020
Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 58: 13-19, 2020. BRC http://www.brc.amu.edu.pl, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/pdf-127341-54763?filename=Biodiversity%20of%20the.pdf, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/Issue-58-2020,9131
Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. 2020
Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341306643_Floristic_Study_and_Species_Diverisy_of_Msallata-Garaboulli_Province_in_Libya
Floristic Study and Species Diverisy of Msallata-Garaboulli Province. 2020
Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html
Floristic Study for Tarhuna–Libya. 2018
Alhasi, S.M, and El-Barasi, Y.M. (2017) The Weed Flora of some Crop Fields in Al-Oylia region, Al-Marj, Libya. Global Libyan Journal, ISSN 2518-5845. University of Benghazi, Faculty of Education Al Marj. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338996118_The_Weed_Flora_Of_Some_Crop_Fields_In_Al-_Oylia_Region_Al-Marj_Libya https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Sabah-M-Al-Hasi-2170071476
The Weed Flora of some Crop Fields in Al- Oylia region, Al-Marj. 2017
Aljarroushi, M.M. & Almedham, K. E. (2016) Geographical distribution and Life form of plants in Sassu Valley, Misurata area, Libya. Al-satil Vol. 10 No. 15 March 2016. (In Arabic) https://search.mandumah.com/Record/813441
Geographical distribution and Life form of plants in Sassu Valley, Misurata area. 2016
Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Rabiai, G.T., Al tira, F.M., Lamlom, S.H. (2010) Preliminary Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. Garyounis University Press Journal of Science and Its Applications Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 39-47, December 2010. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wz8jpkIAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ALTsoucAAAAJ&hl=en, https://journals.uob.edu.ly/index.php/sjuob/issue/view/71
Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. 2010
Bahri, N.M. (2009) Study of the vegetation covers of Wadi Nesma region, northwest of Libya. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, College of Science, Sebha University, Libya. (In Arabic).
Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).
Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic).
Al-Shif, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Komati, A. F. (2004) Medicinal plants in the Shapiat of Marqab, their distribution, classification and importance. Master Thesis. Biology Department- Faculty of Science-Al-Marqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Barasi, Y. M., EI-Sherif, l. M. & Gawhari, A. M. H. (2003) Checklist and analysis of the flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at AI-Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). Bocconea 16 (2): 1091-1105. 2003. – ISSN 1120-4060. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed-Gawhari, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281559070_Checklist_and_analysis_of_the_flora_and_vegetation_of_Wadi_Zaza_at_AI-Jabal_AI_Akhdar_Cyrenaica_Libya
Flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at Al-Jabal AI Akhdar 2003-مضغوط
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