Euphorbia paralias L.

General Appearance

Euphorbia paralias L., it is a perennial herbaceous species reaching up to 60 cm in height; it is glabrous and glaucous-though sometimes tinged with red-somewhat fleshy, and branched from the base. Stems bear very densely arranged leaves. Leaves are entire, adaxially concave, and imbricate; basal leaves are oblong-obovate, mid-stem leaves are oblong-elliptic, and upper leaves range from lanceolate to ovate. Pleochasia have 3-6 rays, each forked 1-3 times. Pleochasial bracts are cordate, ovate, or suborbicular, and entire. Fruits (tricoccous capsules) are exserted, depressed, deeply furrowed, rugose, glabrous, and dehiscent. Seeds are broadly ovoid, smooth, light gray, and mottled with brown. The caruncle is lateral, small, sessile, and caducous. The surface is minutely reticulate-foveate.

Flowering in: Jan-Apr.

Life Form

Ch

Phytochoria

ES+MED. The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit., Europe to W. Caucasus.

Distribution in Libya

Al-Jafarah Plain: (10,20 km) E. of Tripoli, along the coastal road, on sand dunes near the sea shore 1966 Tripoli, Sorman 1974 (50 km) from Tripoli before Sabrata 1975 Talil, sands nearthe sea 1976 Sabratha region 2020 Coastal of Tripoli 2020

Zliten-Misurata Plain: Leptis Magna 1974, 1975 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006, 2008 Zliten coast 2022

Sirte Plains: Wadi Jarf project, (20 km) before Sirte 1978

Benghazi Plain: Zweitina area (Sandy beach) 2016 Beach sand dunes in Karkurah 2023

Jabal Nafusa: (5 km) after Khoms 1974 Wadi Kaam 1978 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013

Al-Jabal Al-Akhder: Valley Jarjr-oma 2013 Wadi El-Kouf 2014

Marmarica Plateau: Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930 From Tobruk to Egyptian Border 1999 Marmarica (north-eastern part of Libya) 2002

Notes

Wild, a species, growing in sand along the coastal area of Libya, easily recognized by its small densely compact appressed leaves.

This species is accepted: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347659-1

Link of images: https://www.atlasdesemillasdecanarias.org/atlas/ficha.php?ID=133, https://atlas-sahara.org/Euphorbiaceae/Euphorbia%20paralias/Euphorbia%20paralias.html https://flora.org.il/en/plants/euppar/

For more information

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347659-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/347659-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000963826, https://www.gbif.org/species/3069761, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/106152/euphorbia-paralias-l, https://www.atlasdesemillasdecanarias.org/atlas/ficha.php?ID=133, https://atlas-sahara.org/Euphorbiaceae/Euphorbia%20paralias/Euphorbia%20paralias.html, https://flora.org.il/en/plants/euppar/, https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/euphorbia_paralias.htm, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_paralias

Bibliographic References

First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:

Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1982) Flora of Libya, Euphorbiaceae Vol. (89) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. Page. 44.

Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:

Alteerah, M.A., El-Barasi, Y.M., Ali Alwerfally, A. (2023) Vegetation cover composition and seed bank study of beach sand dunes in Karkurah coastal area, east of Libya. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, (ISSN: 0719-3726), 11(X), 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Munay-Alteerah

Vegetation cover composition and seed bank study of beach sand dunes in Karkurah coastal area. 2023

El-karnawdy, F.O.M., Abogmiza, A.F.M., Alsouyid, H.M.M., Ajaj. K.A.K. (2022) Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast, Libya. 5^thInternational African conference on current studies. February 2-5, 2022 Cairo, Egypt.

Floristic composition of Zygophyllum coccineum L. Associates in Zliten coast. 2022

Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1

An-updated-checklist-and-quantitative-analysis-of-the-Marmarica-Plateau-flora-مضغوط

Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2s5EMysAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. 2020.

Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 58: 13-19, 2020. BRC http://www.brc.amu.edu.pl, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/pdf-127341-54763?filename=Biodiversity%20of%20the.pdf, http://brc.amu.edu.pl/Issue-58-2020,9131

Biodiversity of the coastal flora of Tripoli Province. 2020

Daidah AM, Mugassby MF (2016) Study of the vegetation of coastal sand dune in Zwaitina area. Eastern Libya. Proceeding of the Fourth Scientific Conference of Environment and Sustainable Development in the Arid and Semi- Arid Regions (ICESD); 2016 Nov 20–22; Ajdabiya (Libya); p. 857–864 (In Arabic).

El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSIPublications,2014DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.08.12375. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf

Plant Species at Wadi Alkuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya 2014

Abusaief, H. M. A. (2013) Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean Sea. Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0905/029_17747am0905_236_249.pdf

Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar. 2013

Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).

Baayo, Kh. A. (2008): Floristic composition and Phytochorological Analysis of Misratah area, Libya, Assiut Univ.J. of Botany 37(2), P-P. 33-78 (2008).

Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Shif, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic).

El-Shaary M.S. (2002). The Natural Vegetation in Marmarica plateau (North-eastern Libya). First ed. Tobruk (Libya): Published by the local Authority. (In Arabic).

EL-Habony, A.M. (1999) Vegetation and flora of a sector along Mediterranean cost of Libya from Tobruk to Egyptian border, M.Sc. Thesis, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic).