General Appearance
Ceratonia siliqua L., it is a tree, up to 15 m tall, evergreen, usually dioecious. Leaves paripinnate, up to 30 cm long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, opposite, 3-5 cm long, broadly obovate to elliptic, emarginate, dark-green and glabrous above, pale and hairy below. Racemes 5-30 cm long; flowers unisexual. Calyx small, 1-1.5 mm long, saucer-shaped. Petals absent. Stamens 5 (-6) in male flowers, 3-4 mm long; anthers ovate, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent, c. 2 mm long. Ovary in female flowers, shortly stipitate, grey pubescent, with capitate or peltate, almost sessile stigma. Pod 7.5-20 x 1.2-2.5 cm, compressed, thick. turgid, curved, pulpy. Seed pale-brown, shining, embedded in pulp.
Flowering in: Sep-Nov.
Life Form
Phytochoria
Distribution in Libya
Al-Jafarah Plain: Sidi-Omeer 2016
Zliten-Misurata Plain: Leptus Megna 2004
Benghazi Plain: Wadi El-Ghattara 2010
Jabal Nafusa: Ain Rumia, near Yefren Msallata (Shaafeen) 2008 Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Gasar Akhiar, Ghanima 2016 Msallata (Shaafien) 2017 Tarhuna (Sok-El-Ahed) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020
Al-Jabal Al-Akhder: Wadi El-Teir, (24 km) W. Derna 1967 Gebel Akhder, Baida, Shahat 1975 (15,20 km) E. Susa, Ras El-Hilal 1977 El-kouf area 1984 Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi Zaza 2003 El-Hamamah to Biada 2003 Al-bakur 2007 Wadi (Valley) Stowah region 2007 Wadi El-Akar, Wadi Algharega, Wadi El-Kouf 2011 Al-Mansora 2013 Valley Jarjr-oma 2013 Wadi El-Kouf 2014 Between Labrag and Shahat 2014 Wadi Al-Zaqzuq, Al-Hania 2014 Wadi Haboon 2015 Wadi Belkaf-Bata 2016 Derisia (Talmeta), Tocra-Al-Bakur, Barce, Shahat-Susa, Susa-Derna, Tocra-Wadi El-Akar El-Merj, Wadi El-Akar-El-Merj Wadi El-Akar, Wadi El-Kouf 2017 Maibra 2017 Wadi Al-Agar 2017 Susah, Shahat, Sidi Ahmad Al-Hemery, Al-Marj-Al-Baida motorway, El-Beida (Belghra), Wadi El-Kouf 2017 Maibra 2017 Wadi Zaza, Wadi Al-Ager, Wadi Jarjar-Omma, Wadi Ras Al-Hilal 2017 Wadi Derna 2017 Jarjar-oma, Al-Mansora 2017 Assdod, Wadi Balarid, Wadi Butuma, Al-Tayes, Wadi Al-Aesh, Wadi Kaab 2018 Wadi Om-El-Amaym 2019 From Nuqrat Said to Wadi Al-Zagzoog, From Zawiet Tamula to Al-Manarh 2019 Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj 2020 Ain Mara 2020 Wadi Al-Kouf 2021 Al-Mansura to Settia 2021 Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2021 Wadi Om-El-Amaym 2024
Marmarica Plateau: Reported in Marmarica north-eastern part of Libya by Pampanini 1930 (60 km) before Tobruk 1977 From Tobruk to Egyptian Border 1999 Dafna region (Tobruk to Msaid) 2008
Al-Kufra area: Al-Kufra 2018
Notes
Wild in Libya, medicinal plant, Endangered Plant in Libya.
This species is accepted: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485647-1
Link of images: https://www.teline.fr/en/photos/fabaceae/ceratonia-siliqua, https://www.florealpes.com/fiche_ceratonia.php, https://flora.org.il/en/plants/cersii/, https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=8569, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratonia
For more information
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485647-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/485647-1, https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000165151, https://www.gbif.org/species/5356354, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/63200/ceratonia-siliqua-l, https://www.maltawildplants.com/CSPL/Ceratonia_siliqua.php, https://www.florealpes.com/fiche_ceratonia.php, https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/ceratonia/ceratonia-siliqua/, https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=8569, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratonia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carob
First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:
Jafri, S.M.H. & El-Gadi, A. (1978) Flora of Libya, Caesalpiniaceae Vol. (61) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya. Page. 5.
Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:
El-farse, M.H., Omar. N., Al-Zerbi, A.K., Alaib, M.A. El-Awamie, M.W., Bleiblo, F.A. (2024.) Floristic Diversity, Life-Form Composition, and Anthropogenic Pressures on The Vegetation of Wadi om-El-Amaym in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Northeastern Libya. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR). Volume 6, Issue 6, November-December 2024 ● Website: http://www.ijfmr.com, https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2024/6/33405.pdf, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muftah-Elfarse-2
Floristic diversity of wadi om El-Amaym in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar 2024
Al-Ajil, K.I., Masoud, M. J., Mustafa, H. M. (2021) The effect of urban sprawl on vegetation covers in Al-Mansura and Settia. Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya. The Libyan International Journal- Issue (52) -ISSN 2518-5845 – College of Science Al-Marj-University of Benghazi. (In Arabic) https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LdqR2LgAAAAJ&hl=ar , https://repository.uob.edu.ly/handle/123456789/1571, http://repository.uob.edu.ly/handle/123456789/1571
الغطاء النباتي في المنصورة وسطية الجبل الاخضر 2021
Al-Traboulsi, M. & Alaib, M.A. (2021) A Survey of medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. NAT. CROAT, VOL. 30. No 2. (389-404), ZAGREB. December 31, 2021. https://hrcak.srce.hr/269442, https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/390805
Medicinal plants of Wadi Al-Kouf in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. 2021
Mohamed, A.H., Mosallam, H.A., Sergwa, S.S., Gibreel, M.A. (2021) Impact of Edaphic Factors on Vegetation Composition in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Egypt. J. Bot., Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 191-201 (2021) https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_119404.html
Impact of Edaphic Factors on Vegetation Composition in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. 2021
Saaed, M.W.B., EL-Barasi, Y.M. & Rahil, R.O. (2021) An updated checklist and quantitative analysis of the Marmarica Plateau flora, in the north-eastern part of Libya. Phytotaxa 509 (1): 001-055. https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.509.1.1
An-updated-checklist-and-quantitative-analysis-of-the-Marmarica-Plateau-flora-مضغوط
Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341306643_Floristic_Study_and_Species_Diverisy_of_Msallata-Garaboulli_Province_in_Libya
Floristic Study and Species Diverisy of Msallata-Garaboulli Province. 2020
Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farag-Elmokasabi-2
الغطاء النباتي في منطقة عين مارة بمنطقة الجبل الاخضر2020
Saleh, M. M., & Lachhab, S. R. (2020) Plant diversity in Al-Teneen area northwest of Al-Marj City-Libya. Aref Journal for Human Studies- Issue (5) 2020, Pp. (3-65) Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346554140_bhth_altnw_alnbaty_fy_mntqt_altnyn_shmal_ghrb_mdynt_almrj_lybya
التنوع النباتي في منطقة التنين شمال غرب مدينة المرج- ليبيا. 2020
Ali, A. M., Lashhab, S. R., Abu-Aweena, A. A.M. (2019) Classification of vegetation cover and its geographical distribution in the area extending between Al-Haniya and Wadi Zagzoog in the north to Lasastata and Bishtaya in the south. Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar eastern Libya. Issue (61) Journal of Science and Human Studies- Al-Marj-University of Benghazi-Libya (In Arabic). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339238955_tsnyf_alghta_alnbaty_wtwzyh_aljghrafy_fy_almntqt_almmtdt_ma_byn_alhnyt_wwady_alzqzwq_shmala_hty_lstath_wbshtaya_jnwba_aljbl_alakhdr_shrq_lybya
El-farse, M.H. (2019) Study of the vegetation of Wadi Om-El-Amaym in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region. Master Thesis- department of environmental science and engineering, Academy of post graduate studies, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic).
Mahklouf, M.H. Sherif, A.S, Betelmal, A. G. (2018) Floristic Study for Tarhuna-Libya. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem, 2018, 46 (3), 337-364. http://www.hjbc.hacettepe.edu.tr/journal/volume-46/issue-3/floristic-study-for-tarhuna-libya/index.html
Floristic Study for Tarhuna–Libya. 2018
Mohamed, M. I. & Bouhabbal, A.A. (2018) A study on plant diversity in the Kufra depression. The fifth Scientific Conference of Environment and Sustainable Development in the Arid and Semi- Arid Regions (ICESD) -From 23-25 July-2018. Ajdabiya University-Libya. (In Arabic).
Mubarak, A. M.A., Lashhab, S. R. H. (2018) Charcoal manufacturing and its impact on the deterioration of vegetation cover in the area between Merad Massoud and Asdos in Al Jabal Al Akhdar-eastern Libya. Journal of Science and Human Studies-Al-Marj-Issue 58 – 15 / November 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/sd-lshhb
التفحيم وأثره في تدهور الغطاء النباتي في بالجبل الاخضر 2018
Ab-Aziza, F.B., El–Barasi, Y.M. and Rahil, R.O. (2017) Flora, Vegetation and Human Activities of Wadi Derna-El-Jabal. Research article I Botany l Version 1. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fatma-Abuaziza, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebeh-Rahil
Flora, Vegetation and Human Activities of Wadi Derna. 2017
Abusaief, H. M. A. (2017) Similarities between elevations in a rare species of some locations at Al- Jabal Al-Akhdar in Libya. International Journal of Environment ISSN 2077-4505.Volume: 06 Issue: 03 July-Sept. 2017, Page: 78-102. http://www.curresweb.com/ije/ije/2017/78-102.pdf
Similarities between elevations in a rare species of some locations at Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar. 2017
Abusaief, H.M.A. & Alwishish, F.M. (2017) Survey of endangered plants and description the seeds in some sites at Al-JabalAl-Akhdar of Libya. Curr. Sci. Int., 6 (3): 511-539, 2017 ISSN 2077-4435. http://www.curresweb.com/csi/csi/2017/511-539.pdf
Survey of endangered plants at Al-Jabal – Al-Akhdar of Libya 2017_compressed
Bahri, N.M. (2017) Identify, Limit and Determine the Vegetation Types of Wadi Ka’am Areas, Libya. Journal of Marine Sciences and Environmental Technologies-Volume (3) -Issue (2) (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371282756_altrf_ly_alanwa_alnbatyt_lmnatq_wady_kam_whsrha_wthdyd_ashkal_nmwha
التعرف على الانواع النباتية لمناطق وادي كعام وحصرها وتحديد أشكال نموها. 2017 .
Dakeel, E. H., Alaib, M. A., & Asker, A. M. (2017). Comparative Study of Medicinal Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar oma, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya [Version 1; awaiting peer review]. Control, 1, 4. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0IlfctkAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jIAXOgMAAAAJ&hl=en, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8C9KFnIAAAAJ&hl=en
Medicinal Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar oma, Al Jabal-Al Akhdar 2017
Hegazy, A.; Kabiel, H.; AlRowaily, S.; Lovett-Doust,L. and AlBorki, A. (2017) Plant communities and reproductive phenology in mountainous regions of northern Libya. Journal of Forestry Research. July 2017, Volume 28, Issue 4, pp 741–761. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-016-0345-8, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Hegazy-2
Plant communities and reproductive phenology in mountainous regions of northern Libya. compressed
Mosallam, H.A., Mohamed, A.H., Sergiwa S.S, Gibreel, M.A (2017). Size distribution of some endangered plant species, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Egypt. J. Bot., Vol. 57, No, 1. Pp.181-197 (2017) https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_2500.html
Size distribution of some endangered plant species, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. 2017
Mukassabi, T.A., Thomas, P.A., ELMogasapi, A. (2017) Medicinal plants in Cyrenaica, Libya: existence and extinction. Biological Diversity and Conservation – 10/2 (2017) 183-192. https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/4064/
Medicinal plants in Cyrenaica, Libya 2017
Al-Aib, M.A., Elbakkosh, A.M., Ali, Y.B., Gadelmola, A.S., Elmhafdi, A.M. (2016) Preliminary Investigation of the Vegetation of Wadi Belkaf-Bata Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya. Libyan Journal of Basic Science (LJBS) Vol: 4, No: 1, PP: 20-27., 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Alaib, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323772475_Preliminary_Investigation_of_the_Vegetation_of_Wadi_Belkaf-Bata_Al-Jabal_Al-Akhdar-Libya
Preliminary Investigation of the Vegetation of Wadi Belkaf- Bata Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar-Libya. 2016
Najah, A. M. (2016) The Natural Plant (Sidi Omir-Kasr El Khiar-Ghanima) as a model. Journal of Humanities, Scientific and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Qasr Kheyar, Al-Mirqab University, Issue 2, pp. (109-145). (In Arabic). http://khsj.elmergib.edu.ly/2016_2_ar.pdf
El-Rabiai, G.T. & Al tira, M. (2015) Checklist of the Flora of Wadi Haboon at AI Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 6(8-9): Aug-Sep, 2015:4661-4665] Coden (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Munay-Alteerah, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292919013_Checklist_of_the_Flora_of_Wadi_Haboonat_AI_Jabal_AI_Akhdar_Cyrenaica_Libya
Checklist of the Flora of Wadi Haboonat AI Jabal AI Akhdar. 2015
Ahmed, H. M. (2014) Assessment of natural vegetation in the area between Abraq and Shahat in the south and the coastline in the north. Journal of Science and Human Studies-Al-Marj. Issue 4-ISSN: 2312-4962 Benghazi University. (In Arabic) https://journals.uob.edu.ly/index.php/JSH/login
الغطاء النباتي الابرق – شحات 2014-مضغوط
Ali, A. M. (2014) Indicators of deterioration of natural vegetation cover in the area extending between Al-Bayada and Zawiyat Al-Arqoub and from Wadi Al-Zaqzouq and Al-Haniyah area in the north in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar in eastern Libya. International Journal of Environment & Water, ISSN 2052-3408, Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/bdalmnm-ambark, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337228617_mwshrat_tdhwr_alghta_alnbaty_altbyy_fy_almntqt_almmtdt_ma_byn_albyadt_wzawyt_alrqwb_jnwbaa_wmn_wady_alzqzwq_wmntqt_alhnyt_shmalaa_fy_aljbl_alakhdr_-_shrq_lybya
تدهور الغطاء النباتي الطبيعي في المنطقة الممتدة ما بين البياضة وزاوية العرقوب الجبل الاخضر
El-Mokasabi, F M. (2014) Floristic Composition and Traditional Uses of Plant Species at Wadi Al-kuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8): 685-697, 2014, ISSN 1818-769,IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829 / idosi.aejaes .2014.14.08.12375. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/441b/23b83960f007044aca94e26f5c6b170fe102.pdf
Plant Species at Wadi Alkuf, Al-Jabal Al-Akhder, Libya 2014
Abusaief, H. M. A. (2013) Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar on Mediterranean Sea. Journal of American Science 2013;9(5) http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0905/029_17747am0905_236_249.pdf
Life forms and rangeland for many habitats of Jarjar oma in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar. 2013
Abusaief, H. M. A. and Dakhil, A. H. (2013) The floristic composition of Rocky habitat of Al Mansora in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar- Libya. New York Science Journal 2013; 6(5). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Huda-Abusaief
Foristic composition of Rocky habitat of Al Mansora in Al- Jabal Al- Akhdar 2013
Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).
Hegazyi, A.K., Boulos, L., Kabiel, H.F. and Sharashy, O.S. (2011) Vegetaion and species altitudinal distribution in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar landscape, Libya. Pak. J. Bot., 43(4): 1885-1898, 2011. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Hegazy-2 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hanan_Kabiel/publication/249011161_Vegetation_and_species_altitudinal_distribution_in_Al-Jabal_Al-Akhdar_landscape_Libya/links/58171d7c08ae90acb24128b9.pdf
VEGETATION AND SPECIES ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION IN AL-JABAL AL-AKHDAR. 2011
El-Rabiai, G.T., Al tira, F.M., Lamlom, S.H. (2010) Preliminary Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. Garyounis University Press Journal of Science and Its Applications Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 39-47, December 2010. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wz8jpkIAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ALTsoucAAAAJ&hl=en, https://journals.uob.edu.ly/index.php/sjuob/issue/view/71
Checklist for the Flora of Wadi El Ghattara in Libya. 2010
Barrani, M. W. (2008) A study of environmental degradation factors in the semi-desert Dafna Region-Libya. Master Thesis-Department of Science and environmental Engineering-Postgraduate Academy Benghazi branch. (In Arabic).
Mohammed, S.A.H. (2008) A taxonomic and ecological study of the plants of the Shaafin Reserve in Masalatah. Master Thesis. Department of Biology-Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Al-Mirqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).
Abd Al-lkhaleq, Y. M. (2007) Vegetation Coverage of El-Bakur Highlands in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Garyounis University, Libya. (In Arabic).
Nawras, A. M. B. (2007) A study of the vegetation cover in the Wadi (Valley) Stowah region. Master Thesis. Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University-Libya. (In Arabic).
El-Komati, A. F. (2004) Medicinal plants in the Shapiat of Marqab, their distribution, classification and importance. Master Thesis. Biology Department- Faculty of Science-Al-Marqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).
Al-Sodany, Y. M., Shehata, M. N. & Shaltout, K. H. (2003): Vegetation along an elevation gradient in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. ecologia mediterranea, tome 29, fascicule 2, 2003, p. 125-138. https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecmed_0153-8756_2003_num_29_2_1547, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yassin-Al-Sodany, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kamal-Shaltout
Vegetation along an elevation gradient in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. 2003
El-Barasi, Y. M., EI-Sherif, l. M. & Gawhari, A. M. H. (2003) Checklist and analysis of the flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at AI-Jabal AI Akhdar (Cyrenaica, Libya). Bocconea 16 (2): 1091-1105. 2003. – ISSN 1120-4060. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yacoub-El-Barasi, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed-Gawhari, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281559070_Checklist_and_analysis_of_the_flora_and_vegetation_of_Wadi_Zaza_at_AI-Jabal_AI_Akhdar_Cyrenaica_Libya
Flora and vegetation of Wadi Zaza at Al-Jabal AI Akhdar 2003-مضغوط
Al-Hamadi R.I. (1999) Floristic and ecological study of Wadi Al-Agar, Master Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic).
EL-Habony, A.M. (1999) Vegetation and flora of a sector along Mediterranean cost of Libya from Tobruk to Egyptian border, M.Sc. Thesis, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic).
ACSAD (1984) Wadi Al-Kouf National Park Studies Project. Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands.

















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