Flora

Cynara cardunculus L.

Common Name: Shouk el bill.

Family: Asteraceae

Flowering Time: Apr-Jun.

General Appearance

Cynara cardunculus L., it is a perennial plant, up to (20-) 50-100 (-150) cm, lanate, few branched leafy. Basal leaves rosulate, 30-60 cm long, subcoriaeeous, bright green, shortly tomentose above, white-tomentose beneath, petiolate, pinnatilobed; segments ovate to linear-laneeolate, with rigid, yellow, 15-35 mm long terminal spines, similar 2-5, spines clustered at the base of the segment. Cauline leaves sub sessile to sessile, similar in shape and outline to the basal leaves. Peduncle short 1-4 cm long. Capitulum ovoid-globose, 4-6 x 5.5 cm (excl. spreading part of involucre and florets). Involucre bracts greyish-green to purple, with adpressed ovate basal part tapered abruptly in to an erect-patent, 10-50 x 2-6 mm spine; outer spine reflexed; middle patent. Inner involucral bracts spinose mucronate, erect. Corolla blue, lilac or whitish. Cypsela 6-8 x 3-4 mm, shiny, yellowish or brown, spotted; pappus 20-40 mm.

Life Form

Phytochoria

ES+MED. The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit.

Distribution in Libya

Al-Jafarah Plain:

Bin-ghashir, (35 km) from Tripoli 1978 Jafara Plain (Wadi Ghado) 2015 Sidi-Omeer 2016 Sabratha 2019 Sabratha region 2020

Zliten-Misurata Plain:

Leptus Megna 2004 Kaam area 2005 Misurata 2006

Sirte Plains:

(7 Km) SE of Sitre City 2008

Benghazi Plain:

Reported from (20km) W. of Benghazi by Kieth Qaminas to Ajdabia (Slouk plain) 2006 Jardina-Soloq Region 2020

Jabal Nafusa:

Reported from Kussbat by Kieth . Msallata National Park (Shaafeen) 2013 Gasar Akhiar, Ghanima 2016 Tarhuna (Terghlat.) 2018 Msallata-Garaboulli Province 2020 Gharyan (Sedrores Mountains) 2020 Wadi Kaam (Dam & lake) 2022

Al-Jabal Al-Akhder:

Reported from Cyrenica region by Kieth Wadi Al-Agar 1999 Wadi El-Shees 2014 Sidi Abu-Ras 2017 Ain Mara 2020

Notes

Wild in Libya, medicinal plant.

Link of images: https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/cynara_cardunculus.htm, https://www.maltawildplants.com/ASTR/Cynara_cardunculus.php, https://www.actaplantarum.org/flora/flora_info.php?id=509266

For more information

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:200876-1, https://www.ipni.org/n/200876-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000013358, https://www.gbif.org/species/3112364, https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/specie/100861/cynara-cardunculus-l, https://www.maltawildplants.com/ASTR/Cynara_cardunculus.php, https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/cynara_cardunculus.htm, https://www.actaplantarum.org/flora/flora_info.php?id=509266, https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/cynara_cardunculus.htm, http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1696, http://biodiversitycyprus.blogspot.com/2016/03/cynara-cardunculus-l-cyprus.html, https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/cynara-cardunculus-profile/

Bibliographic References

First: Encyclopedia Flora of Libyan:

Jafri, S. M. H. & El-Gadi, A. (1983) Flora of Libya, Asteraceae Vol. (107) Department of Botany, Al-Faateh Univ., Tripoli, Libya.

Second: Researches and PhD theses, master theses, Sorted by Newest:

Almushghub, F., Ahmed, D., Sharaf El-Din, A., Shaltout, k. (2022) Vegetation analysis of Wadi Kaam at northwest Libya. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences, 9 (2022) 20-37. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357516127_Vegetation_analysis_of_Wadi_Kaam_at_northwest_Libya, https://jbes.journals.ekb.eg/article_372060_558ee8095e2cf97881a8a3cc705aa126.pdf

Al-khojah, H.M., Al-Yafour, L.A., Mahklouf, M.H. (2020) Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7/Issue 4 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2s5EMysAAAAJ&hl=ar, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Selected Districts in Sabratha region Libya. 2020.

Al-Maqsabi, F. M. & Makhlouf, M. A. (2020) Vegetation cover in the Ain Mara region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region – Libya. The Libyan Journal of Science (An International Journal): Volume 23, 2020. (In Arabic) https://uot.edu.ly/journals/index.php/ljs/article/view/122, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farag-Elmokasabi-2

الغطاء النباتي في منطقة عين مارة بمنطقة الجبل الاخضر2020

El-Ahmir, S.M., Mahklouf, M.H., Shanta, M.B., Abo-Jaafer, H.A. (2020) Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District-Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology. Volume 8 / Issue 1. ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sh-Hoob-El-Ahmir, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf

Floristic Study of Sedrores Mountains in Gharyan District – Libya. 2020

Mahklouf, M.H., Sherif, A.S., Betelmal, A.G. (2020) Floristic Study and Species Diversity of Msallata-Garaboulli Province in Libya. J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 7 / Issue 3 ISSN: 2348-7313. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed-Mahklouf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341306643_Floristic_Study_and_Species_Diverisy_of_Msallata-Garaboulli_Province_in_Libya

Omar, N., Alai, M.A. & Al-Zerbi, A.K. (2020) A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Farms of GMR Agricultural Project in Jardina-Soloq Region, Libya. Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 1, P: 29-38, August. 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naser-Omar, https://repository.uob.edu.ly/handle/123456789/1535

A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Jardina-Soloq Region, Libya.2020

Saed, Z.H. S., Abohbell, H.A., Mahklouf, M. H. (2019) Floristic Analysis of the Family Asteraceae in Sabratha city- Libya. American Journal of Life Science Researches 2019; 7(1): 18-25 Published online January, 2019.

Floristic Analysis of the Family Asteraceae in Sabratha city- Libya. 2019

Beit Al-Mal, A. G. & El-Hadar, I. A. (2018) An analytical study of vegetation (Case Study: Targhalat, Tarhouna Municipality, Libya.Special issue of the second annual conference on theories and applications Basic and Biological Sciences. 1 September 2018.

دراسة تحليلية للغطاء النباتي (حالة دراسية – ترغلات – بلدية ترهةنة-ليبيا) 2018

El-Zerbi, A. K. & Al-Aib, M.A. (2017) Study of vegetation cover in Sidi Bouras region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering JESE, VOL. 1, No. 1, January 2017. (In Arabic) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdulhamid-Alzerbi, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326461390_aalkhdr_baljbl_bwras_sydy_bmntqt_alnbaty_alghta_drast-lybya

دراسة الغطاء النباتي بمنطقة سيدي بوراس –الجبل الاخضر 2017

Najah, A. M. (2016) The Natural Plant (Sidi Omir-Kasr El Khiar-Ghanima) as a model. Journal of Humanities, Scientific and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Qasr Kheyar, Al-Mirqab University, Issue 2, pp. (109-145). (In Arabic) http://khsj.elmergib.edu.ly/2016_2_ar.pdf

Abu Hadra, M. N. & Harkat, Z. M. (2015) A taxonomic study of the components of vegetation cover and notes on the environmental impact of Wadi Ghado in the Jafara Plain region in Libya. Professor magazine-Issue 8-University of Tripoli.(In Arabic) https://uotpa.org.ly/alostath/index.php/alostath/issue/view/8

دراسة تصنيفية لمكونات الغطاء النباتي بوادي غدو بمنطقة سهل الجفارة في ليبيا. 2015

Shaltout, K, Fawzy, M., Galal T., Awad M., El-Barasi Y., Saeed, B. (2014) Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communities and size structure of Wadi El-Shees, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya. FeddesRepertorium2014, 125, 1-13 DOI: 10.1002/fedr.201400023 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.201400023

Impact of waste water discharge on the plant communitie in Wadi-El-Shees-2014

Al-Masalati, N. A. A. (2013) Plant diversity across the altitudes of the Msallata National Park Reserve Mountains. Master Thesis. Botany Department-College of Science-University of Benghazi-Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Aib, M. A. and El-Shakhy, N. O. (2008) Weed flora of great man made river agriculture project (sirte). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, Vol.102, Issue 3: 241-25. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Alaib, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343655187_Weed_Flora_of_Great_Man-Made_River_Agriculture_Project_Sirte

Al-Dana, S. M. M. (2006) Taxonomic study of wild flower plants in some areas of Misrata. Master Thesis, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Misurata University (7 October previously) Misurata, Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Maghrabi A.S.S. (2006) Study of the vegetation and seed bank of the zone of Ghaminis and Agedabia (Slouk plain), Master of Science Thesis, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Graduated Studies, Benghazi Branch, Libya, 2006. (In Arabic).

Al-Shif, N. S. (2005) a taxonomic study of the plants of the Kaam region. Master Thesis, College of Science, Al-Marqab University, Al-Khums, Libya. (In Arabic).

El-Komati, A. F. (2004) Medicinal plants in the Shapiat of Marqab, their distribution, classification and importance. Master Thesis. Biology Department- Faculty of Science-Al-Marqab University. Al-Khums. Libya. (In Arabic).

Al-Hamadi R.I. (1999) Floristic and ecological study of wadi Al-Agar, Master Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Botany Department-Faculty of Science-Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. (In Arabic).